Deiksis in the Novel Dunia Anna by Jostein Gaarder

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INTRODUCTION
Novel Dunia Anna tells of a character named Anna who dreams of meeting her great-granddaughter.Anna's dream is to provide a better living environment for her generation.The whole story in this novel is interesting but has limitations such as the inconsistent quality of translation in Indonesian.In several parts of this novel, there are several forced translations that make the story stiff (Oktaviana, 2021) .In the Indonesian version, the impression of stiffness in the novel can be seen in the several dialogues between the characters.According to the author's initial reading of the novel, the novel Dunia Anna has many dialogues and settings that are explained by the characters in the novel, so that there are many forms of deixis that can be studied scientifically.In a novel, deixis has an important function.Deixis can be used as a strategy to attract readers' interest and help readers to know the role of the characters in the novel.In addition, deixis aims to find out the contents of the dialogue, as well as what is conveyed by the characters in the novel.
Language has an important role in communicating with one another (Sanubarianto & Alisia, 2022) .Language as a vehicle for ideas used in literary works is very important for writers and readers.Without language, writers cannot develop their stories.The author needs language to convey story ideas, characters, and conflicts.Language as an arbitrary vowel which can allow several people to communicate with each other And interact.Language is form communication Which using conventionally accepted arbitrary symbols .Language is the most important element for humans in socializing and socializing, because language is a tool used in everyday life (Far, 2021) .
The language in the novel also offers many conveniences for the author and the reader in communicating.The existence of a reference system or reference source is a form of convenience .(Budiarti, 2020) argues that the reference system can cause ambiguity in meaning among speakers of languages.Various studies of language in the field of linguistics include syntax, semantics, pragmatic and so on (istikomah, 2014).Pragmatics is the study of science, appeared for the first time since Morris developed semiotic linguistics in 1938 (Sadapotto & Hanafi, 2016) .Pragmatics examines meaning word in a context .istikomah states that pragmatic studies include the meaning of utterances and context-bound meanings.Certain situations and conditions in speech are important things that must be considered in understanding the meaning of an utterance.This is called existence in pragmatics.Chaer and Agustina define deixis as the relationship between words used in speech as well as references to the word that move around and can change or not fixed.According to KBBI, deixis is something that refers to something outside language , namely a word that refers on persona, place , and time of utterance (Abdul, 2022) .Examples include referring to the person being talked about, for example using the word he or she .Meanwhile, according to Saragih (2006) in (Abdul, 2022) deixis as part of linguistics (sounds, words, phrases, clauses) whose meaning is determined in context with reference to language user .The use of deixis can be found in works.Novel as one of the literary works that uses language as its medium so that it allows the presence of deixis to illustrate a situation or event .In novels deixis serves as a strategy to keep the reader interested and to make the reader know what is the characters talk about , the role of a character in the novel, and the meaning conveyed.Regarding This is in line with Pastia's view that it is difficult to understand the meaning conveyed in the novel if there are no references or deixis.(Budiarti, 2020) .The author's inner experiences and people's lives are depicted in the novel.In a novel described conditions and the life of a society, along with the conditions and values instilled by the author through the characters in the story (Nurmawati, 2016) .The use of deixis does not escape from a novel .Authors have their own style or method of delivery.The many styles of dialogue used in the novel embody a form of deixis in the form of a word and its referents can be changed.based on the speaker , place and time spoken a say (Budiarti, 2020) .The use of deixis is also not spared in Gaarder's novel Dunia Anna .Therefore, the researcher intends to provide information to the readers that they will understand the novel well if they know about deixis studies.Readers will find it easier to know the contents of the story in the novel if they have an understanding of pragmatic studies.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Pragmatic term in linguistics used since 1938 when Morris developed semiotic linguistics (A. Sadapotto, 2021).Semiotics is the study of signs or symbols.Semiotics is divided by Morris into three forms namely pragmatics, syntax, and semantics.One way to overcome deadlock in understanding the meaning of sentences is pragmatic.Syntax study the relationship between a symbol with other symbols.Semantics examines the relationship between symbols and their objects (Wachid, 2022) .The word pragmatics comes from the Greek word pragma which means 'action' ( action ) .(Seung, 1982) .The main function of language as a communication tool is also related to pragmatic studies.(Leech, 1993) revealed that General pragmatics is the study of the use of language in general communication (Wachid, 2022) .According to (Yule, 2014) , deixis is "appointment" through language.Words or referents included in deixis are essentially constantly changing.Meanwhile, Chaer and Agustina stated that deixis is the relationship between words in speech acts with word references that can change or are not fixed, and move around.move (Budiarti, 2020) .Originally the term deixis comes from the Greek, namely the word deiktikos means "pointing or showing".Meanwhile, in general , deixis is used to refer to sentences that are spoken or written.Something that is designated can be objects, people, places, and can also show time.So it depends on the context in the sentence (Abdul, 2022) .(Levinson, 1983) stated that deixis concerns the way in which language is referred to based on the function of grammaticalization in the context of speech or conversation, thus deixis also involves several ways in which the interpretation of the utterance depends on the analysis of the context of the utterance itself.Levinson divides deixis into 5 forms, namely: persona, place, time, discourse, and social deixis.Etymologically, the word "novel" is absorbed from Italian, namely " novel " means a story.Novel is a literary work in the form of long narrative prose, there is a series of stories about the lives of the characters and other figures around them that reveal the nature and character of each character in the novel.There are also those who say that a novel is an essay in the form of prose that has intrinsic and extrinsic elements.In addition, the content of the novel is longer and more complex, and has a hidden message that the author wants to convey (Prawiro, 2018).

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research approach used in this study is a qualitative approach using descriptive methods.Descriptive method is a research method used in making a description of existing conditions or events, the data used is data that fits the research objectives as well the data used will be processed, then a conclusion will be drawn from the process .This method will be used to describe the form and meaning of deixis in Gaarder's Dunia Anna.The data collection techniques applied were literature review and note-taking techniques.The data analysis technique used is data reduction (reduction data), data display (presentation data), and conclusion drawing/verification (conclusion/verification). In addition, data coding was also used which was carried out in the following sequence: the first code was the title of the novel, the second code was the data number, and the third was the data page.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The following discussion will describe the description of the form of deixis Which found in novel Dunia Anna the works of Jostein Gaarder to be analyzed are 1) single first person deixis, 2) first person plural deixis, 3) second person singular deixis, 4) second person plural deixis, 5) third person singular deixis, 6) third person plural deixis, 7) place deixis, 8) time deixis, 9) discourse deixis, 10) social deixis.The analysis was carried out by selecting and sorting words and sentences which included the forms of deixis found in the novel Dunia Anna by Jostein Gaarder.Persona Deixis a) Moments later, Doctor Benjamin drew conclusions from the conversation."Anna," he said."I don't see any signs that you have an abnormality" (DA01:17).
Based on the findings of the data above, the sentence contains a singular first person deixis form . My word refers directly to the speaker, namely (Doctor Benjamin) who is having a conversation with Anna.The use of the word I by speakers is used because of the age difference between speakers and listeners.From the conversation, doctor benjamin confirmed that he did not see any signs that Anna had any abnormalities.The word I used in the sentence fragment refers to the speaker or speakers.The use of the pronoun I is usually used in formal situations so that the conversation is more polite and warm.b) But Nova was not afraid.Nova asked that all the lions, orangutans and tigers be returned to him.I want everything back where it belongs.(DA03:49).
Based on the quotation above, the sentence contains the singular first person deixis form.The word I in the sentence fragment refers to Nova which was mentioned in the previous sentence.In the snippet of the story, I said (Nova) emphasized that he asked his great-grandmother to return the orangutans, lions and tigers to their original places.The word I used in the sentence refers to the speaker or speakers.The pronoun I is used by Nova when he is in a familiar situation while having a conversation with his great-grandmother.c) My great-grandfather traveled the world in jumbo jets and also in Mercedes cars.But now, we travel by camel (DA05:77).
The quotation above contains a form of persona deixis, namely the first person plural deixis in the word kami .In this data, we refer to the speaker, namely ( Arab boy ) and his great-grandfather who previously traveled around the world using jumbo jets, while now they are traveling by camel.The word kami used in the sentence refers to the speaker and several people.In other words, the interlocutor is excluded.
d) But, we didn't start a girl's club, Jonas added with a laugh.(DA07:30 Based on the data above, the sentence contains the plural first person deixis form , namely the word we in the sentence.We're referring to Jonas and Anna having a private conversation.we is the first person plural pronoun.The word we used refers to the speaker and the interlocutor. e) Treat the younger generation as you have treated the generation before you (DA09:62).
Based on the data (DA09:62) above, the sentences in the data contain the second singular persona deixis form , you say in the sentence.Where the word you used refers to the other person.The word thou referred to Anna who was reading a page from a piece of paper she had picked up.From the snippets of the story, the character Nova, who is the author of the page that Anna is reading, emphasizes that the next generation must be treated the same as the previous generation.The use of the pronoun you is usually used with the other person who is the same age or in a lower position.In the snippet of the story above, the use of the word you is spoken by speakers who are younger than the interlocutor.f) Yes, that's true.But if you manage to persuade some pretty girls, it shouldn't be hard to persuade other hot guys, too.(DA10:30).
The story fragment above contains the second singular form of personal deixis , namely you in this sentence.You are used to refer to the person you are talking to.The word you in the dialogue above refers to Jonas' character when having a conversation with Anna.Where Anna is convincing Jonas to be able to recruit some beautiful girls and some good boys according to Anna in order to form a group of environmentalists.The use of the word you is usually used in an informal setting or an intimate atmosphere with the same age.In the snippet of the conversation, the word you is used by the speaker because of the similarity in age or the same age as the interlocutor.
g) I don't even know what the world will look like when you read this letter.But, you know... (DA12:42).
Based on the data above, the sentence contains the second singular personal deixis for the word you in the sentence.You are the bound form of the word you, the word you used refers to the other person you are talking to.Your word refers to Nova who is reading a letter.The pronoun you in the data is a bound form of the word you .In this sentence, the author uses the word you which is addressed to someone who is younger than the speaker.h) Moments later, Doctor Benjamin drew conclusions from the conversation."Anna," he said."I don't see any signs that you have an abnormality" (DA01:17).
The quotation above contains a form of personal deixis, namely the second plural personal deixis in the word you .The word you used is leading to more than one interlocutor.Your words refer to Anna and Jonas who were seeing an overturned tanker.Your words in the data above were stated by the police officer in accordance with the sentences explained before the dialogue.
i) Moments later, Doctor Benjamin drew conclusions from the conversation."Anna," he said."I don't see any signs that you have an abnormality" (DA01:17).
Referring to the data above, the sentence contains the second plural personal deixis form, namely the word you .The word you mentioned by Anna refers to the small birds mentioned earlier.Your words in the data above were mentioned by Anna when she was remembering what happened in her dream.j) Hoops!Dan dia menyaksikan proses kelahiran seekor anak orang utan!Bayi orang utan itu terlihat begitu sehat dan penuh daya hidup, tapi biasa saja ia adalah salah satu keturunan terakhir orang utan yang lahir alami di hutan....(DA15:39).The fragment of the story above contains the singular third person deixis form , namely in the word ia .The use of the word he refers to the baby orangutan that was mentioned earlier.He said that this fragment of the story was mentioned by the Nova figure when he was looking at his archives .The word ia is the third person singular and is usually used for names of animals and objects.k) Moments later, Doctor Benjamin drew conclusions from the conversation."Anna," he said."I don't see any signs that you have an abnormality" (DA01:17).
Data (DA17:33), contains a form of persona deixis third singular namely, he said in the quote above .The use of the word refers to someone being told, namely Anna who changes her name to Nova after opening her eyes.The use of the pronoun dia in the data above serves to replace Anna herself who is being talked about by the author in the piece of the story.
(l) A few moments later, Doctor Benjamin drew a conclusion from the conversation."Anna," he said."I don't see any signs that you have a disorder" (DA01:17).
Based on the data above, the sentence contains the third plural persona deixis, namely, they said in the sentence.use the word they as a third person plural pronoun is also used to refer to more than one speech partner.In the snippet above, the use of the word they refers to Anna and Jonas.

Place Deixis
Nova walked towards an intersection that used to be a gas station.It was now a rest stop.Here Arabs usually rest before continuing their journey up the mountain (DA21:68).
Based on the data (DA21:68) above, the sentence contains a form of place deixis, namely the word here in the sentence.The word here that is used refers to the place where the speaker is in the place being talked about .The word here is used because the character Nova is in the place being talked about.b) Last week, Jonas came to stay and slept in the pillow room.They call it the pillow room because the sofa is filled with piles of pillows.... (DA22:45).
In the fragment of the story above, the sentence contains a form of place deixis, namely the word there in the sentence.The word there that is used refers to a place where the speaker is far from the place being talked about.The word there refers to the pillow room.The word there is used because the character Anna is only telling the place in question and is not in that place.c) Someone used to say that there's no need to worry about the ice melting in the Arctic....after all, no one skis or slides there either... (DA23:87).
Referring to the quotation above, the quotation contains a form of place deixis, namely the word there in the sentence.The word there that is used refers to a place where the speaker and the interlocutor are far from the place being discussed.The word there refers to a place that is the North Pole.The word there is used because the Nova character is only telling the place in question and is not in that place or the two characters who are having a conversation are far from the place in question.Time Deixis a) Nova walked towards the intersection that used to be a gas station.The place is now a stopover location (DA24:68).
Referring to the quote (DA24:68) above, the sentence contains a form of time deixis, namely the present word in the sentence.Say now is used to express the present time when the speaker is having a conversation with the interlocutor.The word now used in the story above, which is to describe the place in question at this time, has turned into a kind of stopover .b) She noticed Anna's pair of red gloves and said: when I came in, your gloves were blue (DA25:201).
The quotation above contains a form of time deixis namely, the word earlier .the word to express the past time when the speaker did the speech with the interlocutor .The pronoun earlier in the snippet of the story above is the time where Jonas saw that the gloves that Anna used before were blue.c ) She couldn't feel the memories of the summer vacation in Italy for real, she couldn't even remember what she had done at school yesterday (DA26:75).
Based on the above data, the sentence contains a form of time deixis, namely the word yesterday in the sentence.The word yesterday is used to express the past when the speaker was having a conversation with the interlocutor.The word yesterday in the snippet of the story above is the time when Anna was at school.d) I'm very busy about something, Jonas.Something important, something cosmic!I'll call you back later (DA27:83).
Based on the data (DA27:83) above, the sentence contains a form of time deixis, namely the word later .The word later is used to express the future time by the speaker to the interlocutor.The pronoun later is the time when Anna is responding to messages from Jonas and saying that Anna will call Jonas after completing the busyness that Anna said in the previous fifth.
e ) so many desires in sight.Do you know what I'm going to do tomorrow before heading to school?" (DA28:230).
The quotation above contains a form of time deixis, namely the word tomorrow .Tomorrow is used to express the future or more specifically as tomorrow's pronoun by the speaker to the interlocutor.The pronoun tomorrow is used by Anna when asking Jonas what Anna will do the next day before going to school.Discourse Deixis a ) On a television channel, he watched a short news broadcast.The news had been broadcast live this morning..... (DA29:101).
Based on the excerpts above, the sentence contains a form of discourse deixis, namely anaphoric discourse deixis for that word in the sentence.The word is included in the deixis of anaphoric discourse.The function of the word in the sentence is to clarify the context reference in the sentence mentioned.
b ) Wasps and bees are already extinct.Their population began to decline a hundred years ago (DA30:109).
Referring to the data above, the sentence contains a form of discourse deixis, namely anaphoric discourse deixis for that word in the sentence.The word is included in the deixis of anaphoric discourse because it refers to the topic of bee and wasp populations that no longer exist.c ) At first Anna just gawked.Then she was so worried, especially about her mama's condition (DA3 The story fragment above contains a form of discourse deixis, namely the discourse deixis of the cataphor on the last word in the sentence.The word is included in the deixis of cataphoric discourse because it refers to the topic to be mentioned, namely "Anna becomes very worried".d ) Let me show you an example.Let's assume that you like tigers and would do something to save this species from extinction (DA32:113).
Based on the above data, the sentence contains a form of discourse deixis, namely the deixis of cataphoric discourse on the following word in the sentence.The word is included in the deixis of cataphoric discourse because it refers to the topic to be mentioned.

Social Deixis
a) The Arab boy looked at Nova and said: "My grandfather used to ride a one-humped camel (DA33:77).The data (DA33:77) above contains a form of social deixis, namely social deixis based on age, which can be seen in the word grandfather in the sentence.The word grandfather is used by speakers to refer to someone who is older than the speaker.b) .... with white sandy beaches and blue swimming pools, and the whitehaired man with a big smile (DA34:135).
Referring to the snippets of the story above, the sentence contains a form of social deixis, namely social deixis based on gender, which can be seen in the phrase white-haired man in the sentence .The word serves to describe a person and as a differentiator and clarifies the gender of the person being told.In addition, deixis which is influenced by the gender factor is also often used by speakers when speakers do not know the name of the person in question.c ) She then opened the drawer of her writing desk and looked for Doctor Benjamin's business card (DA35:93).
Based on the quote above, the sentence contains a form of social deixis, namely social deixis based on work, which can be in the word doctor in the sentence .The word Doctor , which means a job in the health sector, is used to refer to the work of the character being discussed.d) India is the origin of this game, the boy said.In India, kings played Ludo with live pieces (DA36:76).
In the fragment of the story above, the sentence contains a form of social deixis, namely social deixis based on social position, can be seen in the word king in the sentence .The function of the words in the sentence is to reveal that the person mentioned has high office.
e) In connection with the award, 21 heads of state visited Oslo (DA37:32).
Referring to data (e), the sentences in the data contain a form of social deixis, namely social deixis based on position/position, which can be seen in the word head of state in the sentence.The word head of state is used to describe a position that has an important role as the highest representative of a country.

CONCLUSION
Dunia Anna Novel Jostein Gaarder's work involves the use of persona deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis.The use of deixis in this novel aims to avoid ambiguity in meaning.In addition, deixis in this novel becomes the author's strategy to convey the story, one of which is evidenced by the use of persona deixis that dominates in the novel Dunia Anna.by Jostein Gaarder.The use of the dexis found is in accordance with the theory developed by Yule.Abualigah, L., Yousri, D., Abd Elaziz, M., Ewees, A. A., Al-qaness, M. A. A., & Gandomi, A. H. (2021)