Muhammadiyah, M., Xiang, Y., Na, L., Nishida, D. and Prayudani, S. 2025. Multimodal Sentiment Analysis in Indonesian: A Comparative Study of Deep Learning Models for Hate Speech Detection on Social Media . Journal International of Lingua and Technology. 4, 1 (Jul. 2025), 141–153. DOI:https://doi.org/10.55849/jiltech.v4i1.824.