The Impact of Domestic Investment, Economic Growth, Open Unemployment and Zis Funds on Poverty in Indonesia, 2008 – 2022

Poverty is a problem that is still being faced in every region in Indonesia. So several things must be considered in handling it. In Islam the solution to reducing poverty can be done by using ZIS especially since Indonesia is the largest Muslim country in the world with a total of 231.06 million people. In Indonesia, the management of ZIS funds is always increasing. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the ZIS funds collected experienced an increase which was expected to reduce the poverty rate that occurred in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to examine several variables that affect poverty levels including Domestic Investment, Economic Growth, Open Unemployment and ZIS Funds (Zakat, Infaq, Sadaqah). This study used a quantitative approach and secondary data taken from BPS and National Development Planning Agency for 2008 – 2022. The data was processed using the E-views 9 application with the classical assumption test, multiple regression test, and hypothesis testing. The results showed that the investment and economic growth variables had no significant effect with a probability value of 0.1362 and 0.6077, the open unemployment variable had a significant effect with a probability value of 0.01 and had a positive direction with a coefficient of 5.989262, while the ZIS variable had no significant effect with a probability value of 0.40 and has a positive direction with a coefficient of 0.209688. The implication of this research is to increase the awareness of the Indonesian people regarding zakat in order to reduce the poverty rate in Indonesia.


INTRODUCTION
One of the socio-economic issues that need to be highlighted is poverty, Indonesia's high poverty rate is an evaluation material for the government and policy makers to find the right instrument in accelerating poverty alleviation . Poverty can be influenced by several macro factors and sectoral characteristics (Science, 2019).
Poverty is a problem that is still faced by almost every country. Indonesia is making efforts to alleviate poverty in various regions with a structured government and society. Poverty alleviation carried out by the government by implementing policies to reduce or overcome poverty (Putra et al., 2021). According to BPS data from the Covid-19 pandemic, poverty in Indonesia increased by 0.67% to 9.98% from 9.31% previously. In the following year, in 2022, it will experience a decrease of 0.38%, which in 2021 was recorded at 9.92% to 9.54% in 2022.
Indicators of success in overcoming poverty can be seen from economic growth (Wulandari & Pratama, 2022) countries can be measured at a macro level as seen from economic growth through changes in Gross Regional Domestic Product (PRDB) (Brajannoto et al., 2021). According to the neoclassical theory put forward by Solow and Swan, it states that economic growth depends on the growth in the provision of production factors such as population, labor, and capital accumulation (investment) (Nizar et al., 2013).
Domestic investment carried out in the basic scenario of the current economic system will automatically increase the growth rate from year to year. The greater the increase in domestic investment, the greater the growth rate. So, the long-term effect and increased domestic investment on the economy is extraordinary (Lu, 2009). High investment can increase economic growth and employment. Increased absorption of labor will reduce the unemployment rate. Thus, increasing income and ensuring the welfare of the community (Risqi Nurika Fatha Hidayati, Masruri Muchtar, 2022).
Unemployment refers to individuals who do not have a real job, even though there are job opportunities but not according to needs (Millenia & Zaini, 2021). Open unemployment is created due to the low addition of employment compared to the growth of the workforce, consequently causing the level of prosperity and welfare of the community to decline (People & Rate, 2019). The problem of unemployment in Indonesia is still an unresolved problem and has an impact on the level of poverty in Indonesia (Irma Yuni Astuti, Nanik Istiyani, 2019).

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics and BAZNAS
Indonesia itself is the largest Muslim country in the world with 231.06 million Muslims. Islam provides a solution in dealing with poverty that occurs by using ZIS funds (Zakat, Infak, Alms). Zakat is one that influences the economy as an Islamic fiscal instrument. In Islam itself, zakat is something that must be carried out by every Muslim. Carrying out Zakat orders in Islam is accompanied by prayer orders contained in Surah Al-Baqarah verse 43 (Kuncoro et al., 2022). With the aim of cleaning up wealth, obtaining blessings and a calm soul, helping the poor, and other good things(Ayu Sindi Widiastuti & Kosasih, 2021). ZIS (Zakat, Infak, Sadaqah) is one way to help increase economic growth in overcoming poverty (Debi Novalia, Rinol Sumantri, 2020). In Indonesia, the management of ZIS funds is always increasing. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the ZIS funds collected experienced an increase which was expected to reduce the poverty rate that occurred in Indonesia.
The development of zakat in Indonesia increased significantly when Zakat Law no. 38/1999 launched. Based on this law, zakat can be managed by zakat institutions formed by the government (Badan Amil Zakat) and also made privately by the public (LAZ). However, a major change in the regulatory framework occurred with the replacement of Zakat Law no. 38/1999 with Zakat Law no. 23/2011 which brings all large private collectors under the supervision of the National Zakat Agency (BAZNAS). UU no. 23/2011 aims to "increase the effectiveness and efficiency of managing zakat services, as well as optimizing the benefits of zakat for community welfare and poverty alleviation" (Zaenal et al., 2018).
Previous research conducted by (Ayu Sindi Widiastuti & Kosasih, 2021) that the ZIS variable has no significant effect with a probability value of 0.0523 and has a negative direction with a coefficient value of -2.537. In research (Sholihah et al., 2010) Investment variable has no significant effect on poverty with a probability value of 5.598 and has a negative direction with a coefficient of -0.071. Variable economic growth in research (Ayu Sindi Widiastuti & Kosasih, 2021) there is no effect of economic growth on poverty with a probability value of 0.016. Meanwhile, for the variable unemployment, open unemployment has a significant effect with a probability value of 0.006 and has a positive direction with a coefficient value of 4,526.
The collection and distribution of ZIS is carried out to reduce inequality and poverty levels in Indonesia. Giving zakat productively is expected to be able to be managed by mustahik zakat to create a business that is able to increase income so that it can meet their needs, this can reduce poverty (Kuncoro et al., 2022). Based on the above review, it has become important to conduct research on the impact of ZIS funds on poverty with several other variables that can affect poverty including domestic investment, economic growth, and unemployment.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research was conducted using quantitative research with secondary data in the form of date time series obtained from related institutions, namely BPS and BAZNAS. The population is data on domestic investment, economic growth, open unemployment, ZIS funds and poverty in Indonesia for the period 2008 -2022. The sampling technique used is saturated sampling, which is a sampling technique if all members of the population are used in the sample. The Independent Variable (Y) is poverty, for the Dependent variable (X) is investment, economic growth, open unemployment and ZIS funds. The data is processed using the e-views 9 application using classic assumption test techniques, multiple regression, and hypothesis testing. The relevance of the formulation in the multiple linear regression equation in this study is: = Regression Coefficient (increasing or decreasing value) X1 = Investment X2 = Economic growth X3 = Open Unemployment X4 = ZIS From the above review, the hypothesis of this study was taken from previous theories and research regarding the effect of variable X on variable Y as follows: H0 : ꞵk = 0 indicates that the variable x has no effect on Y H1 : ꞵk ≠ 0 indicates that variable x has an effect on Y Decision: Reject H0 at a significance level of ≤ 5% The hypothesis test in this journal research is: H0: There is no significant effect of the four X variables on poverty in Indonesia H1: There is a significant influence on domestic investment with poverty in Indonesia H2: There is a significant influence on economic growth with poverty in Indonesia H3: There is a significant influence on open unemployment and poverty in Indonesia H4: There is a significant influence on ZIS funds on poverty in Indonesia Probability ≥ a (0.05) thenp the data can be said to be a normal distribution and probability ≤ a (0.05) then the data is said to be an abnormal distribution. So it can be seen from the normality test results that the probability approach value is 0.68 so that the data in the study is declared normally distributed because the probability is greater than the degree of error (0.68 ≥ 0.05). Known investment probability worth0.3604, while the probability of economic growth (pe) is 0.0620, the probability of open unemployment is 0.3053, and the probability of ZIS funds is 0.7152, so from the regression model it states that the probability value is above 5% (prob ≥ 0.05) it can be concluded that the regression model does not have a problem heteroscedasticity in this study means that the data meets the classical assumptions. Figure 3: A constant value of -16.38578 means that the number of X1 variables at the investment level is worth it-2.76E-05, X2 at the economic growth rate is -1.376397, X3 at the unemployment rate is 5.989262, and X4 at the ZIS fund level is 0.209688 is 0, so the Y variable is-16.38578 it is very likely that there will be a reduction in poverty that can occur in Indonesia. The regression coefficient of the investment X1 variable is-2.76E-05 means that if the value of the investment variable increases by 1% and the value is constant, poverty (Y) will decrease by -2.76E-05. The coefficient is negative, meaning that there is a negative relationship between the amount of investment and poverty. The regression coefficient of variable X2 Economic growth (pe) is -1.376397, meaning that if the value of the variable economic growth increases by 1% while the value remains constant, poverty (Y) decreases by -1.376397. The coefficient is negative between the amount of economic growth (pe) and the poverty ratio. The regression coefficient of variable X3 open unemployment is 5.989262, meaning that if the value of the variable open unemployment increases by 1% while the value remains constant, poverty (Y) will increase by 5.989262. The coefficient is positive, meaning that there is a positive relationship between the number of open unemployed and the poverty ratio, the higher the number of open unemployed, the higher the poverty ratio. The regression coefficient of the X4 ZIS Fund variable is 0.209688, meaning that if the ZIS variable value increases by 1% and the value is constant, poverty (Y) will increase by 0.209688. The coefficient is positive, meaning that there is a positive relationship between the number of ZIS and the poverty ratio. So it can be concluded that the open unemployment variable (peng) and ZIS have a positive influence on Indonesia while the investment coefficient and economic growth (pe) are negative, so there will be a negative relationship with poverty. The regression coefficient of the X4 ZIS Fund variable is 0.209688, meaning that if the ZIS variable value increases by 1% and the value is constant, poverty (Y) will increase by 0.209688. The coefficient is positive, meaning that there is a positive relationship between the number of ZIS and the poverty ratio. So it can be concluded that the open unemployment variable (peng) and ZIS have a positive influence on Indonesia while the investment coefficient and economic growth (pe) are negative, so there will be a negative relationship with poverty. The regression coefficient of the X4 ZIS Fund variable is 0.209688, meaning that if the ZIS variable value increases by 1% and the value is constant, poverty (Y) will increase by 0.209688. The coefficient is positive, meaning that there is a positive relationship between the number of ZIS and the poverty ratio. So it can be concluded that the open unemployment variable (peng) and ZIS have a positive influence on Indonesia while the investment coefficient and economic growth (pe) are negative, so there will be a negative relationship with poverty. On the results of the t test on variable X1 (investment) has a value of-1.62062856 while X2 (economic growth) has a value of -0.529920615 the value is greater than the degree of freedom of 0.05 but this value is negative, while X3 (open unemployment) has a value of 3.03922479 and X4 (ZIS) has a value of 0 .861288516 for X2 and X3 have values greater than 0.05 degrees of freedom with positive values for the four independent variables. There is one variable that has a significant effect on poverty in Indonesia, with proof through t count and t table to find out the goodness of the four variables in research:

Multicollinearity Test
Based on the t table above t count variable X1 obtained a value of-1.62062856 while the t table with degrees of freedom (df) nk-1 or 15-3-1 = 11 testers for data significance, got a calculated t value of 2.20098516. If the comparison of Sig and alpha on t count with t table is (-1.62062856 <2.20098516) which means that Ho is accepted and Ha is rejected which is significantly obtained from the probability value of variable X1 0.13 > 0.05 means Ho is accepted and Ha is rejected, partially the level of investment does not have a positive and significant effect on the level of poverty in Indonesia.
The results of the t-test arithmetic variable X2 Economic growth obtain data with a value of-0.529920615 and t table is 2.20098516 so the value of t count with t table (-0.529920615 < 2.20098516) and on the probability value of variable X2 we get a number of 0.60 which is greater than 0.05. This proves that the comparison between t arithmetic and t arithmetic and sig with alpha results in Ho being accepted and Ha being rejected. So the variable X2 (economic growth) has no positive and significant effect on the level of poverty in Indonesia.
For variable X3 open unemployment t test data obtained t table for3.03922479 this value is greater than the t count of 2.20098516 (3.03922479 > 2.20098516) which means that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted and the significance value is obtained from the probability value of variable X3 open unemployment of 0.01 <0.05 which meaning that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, so partially the open unemployment rate has a positive and significant effect on poverty in Indonesia.
Furthermore, for the variable X4 of the ZIS t-test, the t- The F test was carried out to find out whether the independent variables (X1, X2, X3, and X4) simultaneously affect the dependent variable (Y), the calculated F value is5.7380068 while the value of F table can be seen using the 95% confidence level, a = 5%, df 1 = 2 and df 2 (nk-1) or 15-3-1 = 11, the results obtained F table is 3.587433702 so that the variables of investment, economic growth, open unemployment, and ZIS funds together have no effect on poverty in Indonesia. This is because a significance value of 3.5874 > 0.05 means that Ho is accepted and Ho is rejected.

Research Discussion
Based on the results of the data processing described above, it can be seen that the dependent variable as a whole both domestic investment (X1), economic growth (X2), open unemployment (X3), and ZIS funds (X4) do not have a simultaneous effect on poverty in Indonesia. However, partially not all of these dependents have no effect on the independent variables.
According to the t test that has been done, the open unemployment variable has a positive and significant effect on poverty with a significant value of 3.03922479 ≥ 2.20098516 and the probability value of the open unemployment variable is 0.01 ≤ 0.05 . These results are in line with previous research conducted by (Ayu Sindi Widiastuti & Kosasih, 2021). This means that if open unemployment increases, it will have an impact on increasing poverty. In addition, research conducted by (Aini & Islamy, 2021)that the open unemployment rate has a positive effect with a regression coefficient value of 0.052. There is a close relationship between unemployment and economic growth. The bad effect is that there is no income for the community so they cannot meet their daily needs. Thus, the more widespread the level of poverty that will occur in Indonesia.
Vthe domestic investment variable has no effect and is not significant on the poverty rate with t count and t table is (-1.62062856 <2.20098516) which means that Ho is accepted and Ha is rejected which is significantly obtained from the probability value of variable X1 0.13 > 0.05 means that Ho is accepted and Ha is rejected, so partially the level of investment has no positive and significant effect on the level of poverty in Indonesia.
Variable X2 the effect of economic growth on poverty has no positive and insignificant effect on poverty,obtain data with a value of-0.529920615 and t table equal to 2.20098516 so the amount of t count with t table (-0.529920615 <2.20098516), explained that if economic growth increases, it will not affect poverty. This is contrary to the theory which states that if economic growth increases, it will reduce the level of poverty (Distribution et al., 2020).
While the effect of ZIS on poverty does not have a significant effectthe X4 variable is 0.40 > 0.05, which means that Ho rejects and Ha is accepted, so partially the level of ZIS funds has no positive and significant effect on poverty in Indonesia. This research is in line with research conducted by(Ayu Sindi Widiastuti & Kosasih, 2021). It can be seen from 2008-2022 that the ZIS funds collected cannot reduce poverty which continues to increase from year to year. In addition, the occurrence of the ACT corruption case which was carried out by its leadership made the public lack trust in the amil zakat institution. The lack of public awareness in paying ZIS funds, and the lack of information provided by amil zakat institutions regarding guidelines for zakat payments (Wulandari & Pratama, 2022).

CONCLUSION
Based on the research, conclusions and suggestions can be drawn as follows: 1. Based on research that the dependent variable domestic investment, economic growth and ZIS funds have no effect and are not significant on poverty.
Meanwhile, the open unemployment variable has a significant and significant effect on poverty. 2. Investment and economic growth do not have an impact on poverty, in the sense that investment is an expenditure that is intended to increase people's ability to increase production. So that the resulting production can increase the income of a company and can affect economic growth. In line with this, the government must adopt policies with the aim of increasing investment. So, the investments made can be felt by layers of society so that they can increase economic growth and reduce poverty. 3. The impact of ZIS funds on poverty has no effect and is not significant due to a corruption case committed by one of the amil zakat institutions, namely ACT, which has reduced public trust. And the lack of information that the public gets about payment of ZIS funds. So that the central and regional governments must have cooperation with amil zakat institutions to increase public awareness of the payment of ZIS funds, and amil zakat institutions are able to collect, manage and distribute them properly and quickly so that they have a big impact on poverty.