IMMERSIVE LEARNING WITH VIRTUAL REALITY (VR): SIMULATING A VISIT TO THE BOROBUDUR TEMPLE SITE AS A HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL LEARNING EXPERIENCE
Downloads
Teaching complex cultural heritage sites like the Borobudur Temple presents a significant “pedagogical problem.” Traditional 2D media (textbooks, videos) “flattens” the site’s spatial cosmology and narrative reliefs, inhibiting deep conceptual understanding and creating an “access problem” for most students. This study aimed to: (1) design and develop a high-fidelity, pedagogically-scaffolded “Borobudur VR” prototype, and (2) empirically evaluate its effectiveness on student learning outcomes compared to traditional instruction. A mixed-methods, quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test control group design was used (N=116). The treatment group (n=58) received a 45-minute VR intervention, while the control group (n=58) received a “best-practice” 2D lecture. Learning gains were measured with the “Borobudur Knowledge and Conceptual Understanding Test” and analyzed using ANCOVA. The VR group significantly outperformed the control group (p < .001) with a massive effect size (Partial \eta_p^2 = .684). The primary advantage was in “Conceptual” understanding (\eta_p^2 = .712), not just “Declarative” facts. Qualitative data confirmed high presence, high motivation, and low cognitive load. The bespoke VR prototype is a vastly superior pedagogical tool for teaching complex, spatial-narrative concepts. It solves the “flattening” problem by allowing students to “walk the path,” validating VR as a powerful model for digital heritage education in the humanities.
Abdelsalam Aeh, A., Burnett, G., & Sung, K. J. (2026). Escaping the Maze: Enhancing Teamwork and Collaboration in Higher Education Through a Gamified Virtual Reality Experience. Dalam J. M. Krüger, M. Schmidt, A. Mikropoulos, G. Koutromanos, D. Pedrosa, D. Beck, S. Mystakidis, G. Smith-Nunes, A. Peña-Rios, & J. Richter (Ed.), Commun. Comput. Info. Sci.: Vol. 2598 CCIS (hlm. 93–108). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-98080-0_7
Abinaya, M., & Vadivu, G. (2026). PsyVisionNet: A Multi-modal AI Model for Fear Detection Using Facial Expression and Psychological Parameters. Dalam L. Jin & L. Wang (Ed.), Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.: Vol. 15951 LNCS (hlm. 483–493). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-1233-1_43
Acosta, N., Amandi, A., Salguero, P., Faiela, S., & Viduzzi, F. (2026). People with Disability Immersive Virtual-Reality Tool Architecture for Social skills training. Dalam P. Pesado & P. Thomas (Ed.), Commun. Comput. Info. Sci.: Vol. 2520 CCIS (hlm. 291–305). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-00718-6_19
Adeniyi, A. E., Falola, P. B., Awotunde, J. B., Lawrence, M. O., Ubaru, S., Randle, O., & Atanda, O. (2026). Edge and Cloud-Based Deployment of AI-Driven Integration in Smart Healthcare. Dalam Stud. Comput. Intell. (Vol. 1224, hlm. 457–489). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-99946-8_19
Amini, M. M., Hajqani, A., Bahari, M. H., Fanaei Sheikholeslami, D. F., Mazaheri, A., & Mohammadi, M. (2026). SENSO3D: Structured Pipelines for AI-Based 3D Object Detection, Classification, and Texture Generation. Dalam D. Michael-Grigoriou, G. Zachmann, R. Kopper, S. H. Yoon, S. Zollmann, & P. Bourdot (Ed.), Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.: Vol. 16101 LNCS (hlm. 155–166). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-03805-0_9
Arias-Ruiz-Esquide, D., Reyes-Cabrera, J. J., Trujillo-Pino, A., & Rodriguez-Florido, M. A. (2026). Transformer-Enhanced Virtual Reality for Smart Anatomical Dissection Learning. Dalam L. T. De Paolis, P. Arpaia, & M. Sacco (Ed.), Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.: Vol. 15743 LNCS (hlm. 382–393). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97781-7_28
Bataeva, E., Demin, V., & Dubrovskii, A. (2026). Virtual Reality Chemistry Laboratories: Transforming Chemistry Education Through Immersive Experimental Learning. Dalam L. T. De Paolis, P. Arpaia, & M. Sacco (Ed.), Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.: Vol. 15738 LNCS (hlm. 191–198). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97769-5_15
Bijanikia, S., & Mestiri, M. (2026). Preserving Intangible Cultural Heritage Through Constructivist Learning in the Metaverse: A Virtual-Reality Experience for Transmitting the Mythological Narratives Around Peirene Fountain. Dalam S. Chen, S. Chen, J. Feng, Y. Miao, & L.-J. Zhang (Ed.), Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.: Vol. 16159 LNCS (hlm. 32–48). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-06323-6_3
Cenani, S., Durmazo?lu, M. Ç., Gürer, E., Kutlu, Z. G., & Dane, G. (2026). Designing in an Immersive Virtual Reality Environment: Implications for Design Education. Dalam L. T. De Paolis, P. Arpaia, & M. Sacco (Ed.), Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.: Vol. 15738 LNCS (hlm. 113–126). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97769-5_9
Chalouy, N., & Tsai, A.-C. (2026). Enhancing Language Learning Through AI-Driven Feedback and Collaborative Virtual Reality. Dalam W.-S. Wang, C.-F. Lai, Y.-M. Huang, F. E. Sandnes, & T. A. Sandtrø (Ed.), Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.: Vol. 15914 LNCS (hlm. 299–308). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-98197-5_32
Chen, Z., Wang, G., & Liu, Z. (2026). Text-Driven Scene Generation. Dalam Adv. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit.: Vol. Part F886 (hlm. 403–426). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-94969-2_17
Craven, C., Torres, A., Kapralos, B., Chandross, D., & Dubrowski, A. (2026). The Development of a No-Code VR Authoring Platform for Post-Secondary Educators. Dalam L. T. De Paolis, P. Arpaia, & M. Sacco (Ed.), Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.: Vol. 15738 LNCS (hlm. 182–190). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97769-5_14
Fürstenau, B., Hornuf, L., Meiler, M., Nitsch, J., & Schmidt, J. (2026). Virtual Reality Meets Finance: How to Enhance Our Understanding of Risk Diversification. Dalam L. T. De Paolis, P. Arpaia, & M. Sacco (Ed.), Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.: Vol. 15737 LNCS (hlm. 244–253). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97763-3_18
García-Aracil, N., Castejón-De-La-Encina, M. E., López-Picazo, R., Ruiz-Fernández, D., Cano-Sánchez, S., & Juliá-Sanchís, R. (2026). Teaching experience with immersive virtual reality using the “VR-Triage” tool. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 205. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2025.106090
Gound, R. S., Mujawar, F., Dhakulkar, N., Rathod, P., Bhise, S., & Moholkar, K. (2026). The Virtual Healing Garden. Dalam T. Senjyu, C. So-In, & A. Joshi (Ed.), Lect. Notes Networks Syst.: Vol. 1459 LNNS (hlm. 423–433). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-7505-0_33
Hepperle, D., Purps, C. F., Janzer, S., Butz, M., Hettmann, W., & Wölfel, M. (2026). Enter the Hindenburg: Experiencing Cultural Heritage by Social Interaction in Hybrid Space. Dalam L. T. De Paolis, P. Arpaia, & M. Sacco (Ed.), Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.: Vol. 15741 LNCS (hlm. 426–437). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97775-6_27
Hosseini, Z., Chandrasekera, T., Jayadas, A., & Shrestha, S. (2026). Physiological and Psychological Responses to Varying Levels of VR Immersion: A Study of User Experience. Dalam J. M. Krüger, M. Schmidt, A. Mikropoulos, G. Koutromanos, D. Pedrosa, D. Beck, S. Mystakidis, G. Smith-Nunes, A. Peña-Rios, & J. Richter (Ed.), Commun. Comput. Info. Sci.: Vol. 2598 CCIS (hlm. 20–35). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-98080-0_2
Ishida, T., & Kawabata, A. (2026). Development of a Biodiversity Learning Support System Using Immersive Virtual Reality Technology. Dalam Lecture. Notes. Data Eng. Commun. Tech. (Vol. 278, hlm. 68–79). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-10347-5_7
Karpowicz, B., Kowalewski, T., Zinevych, P., Kuzdrali?ski, A., Wójcik, G. M., & Kope?, W. (2026). Towards Effective Human Performance in XR Space Framework Based on Real-Time Eye Tracking Biofeedback. Dalam C. Biele, J. Kacprzyk, W. Kopec, J. Mozaryn, J. W. Owsinski, A. Romanowski, & M. Sikorski (Ed.), Lect. Notes Networks Syst.: Vol. 1636 LNNS (hlm. 289–296). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-05802-7_30
Künster, N., Ruzicic, N., & Hummel, V. (2026). Teaching the Role of Joining technologies for Circular Design and Disassembly in Learning Factories. Dalam L. Louw, V. Hummel, V. Hummel, I. de Kock, & K. von Leipzig (Ed.), Lect. Notes Networks Syst.: Vol. 1545 LNNS (hlm. 364–371). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-98880-6_43
Lainidis, I., & Mystakidis, S. (2026). Systematic Literature of Immersive Learning Design with Virtual Reality for STEM Education in Higher Education. Dalam J. M. Krüger, M. Schmidt, A. Mikropoulos, G. Koutromanos, D. Pedrosa, D. Beck, S. Mystakidis, G. Smith-Nunes, A. Peña-Rios, & J. Richter (Ed.), Commun. Comput. Info. Sci.: Vol. 2598 CCIS (hlm. 219–233). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-98080-0_14
Lazou, C., Tsinakos, A., & Kazanidis, I. (2026). Enhancing Multiliteracy Through Virtual Reality: An Inclusive Approach to Critical Immersive-Triggered Literacy. Dalam J. M. Krüger, M. Schmidt, A. Mikropoulos, G. Koutromanos, D. Pedrosa, D. Beck, S. Mystakidis, G. Smith-Nunes, A. Peña-Rios, & J. Richter (Ed.), Commun. Comput. Info. Sci.: Vol. 2598 CCIS (hlm. 198–215). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-98080-0_13
Matias, D. C., de Souza Albuquerque, L. M., & da Silveira, D. S. (2026). The Effectiveness of 3D Virtual Environments for BPMN Teaching: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Dalam B. Shishkov, B. Shishkov, & B. Shishkov (Ed.), Lect. Notes Bus. Inf. Process.: Vol. 559 LNBIP (hlm. 71–87). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-98033-6_5
Melendez-Rhodes, T. (2026). Teaching Through Immersive Experience: Mixed-Reality Simulation for Couple Therapy Training. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 52(1). Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.70086
Nedeva, V., Häfner, P., Georgieva, N., Todorov, A., & Hristov, V. (2026). SWOT Analysis of Metaverse Integration in Engineering Education: Case Study – Faculty of Engineering and Technologies at Trakia University, Bulgaria. Dalam K. Arai (Ed.), Lect. Notes Networks Syst.: Vol. 1675 LNNS (hlm. 283–297). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07986-2_18
Redjem, I., Huaulme, A., Nouviale, F., Audinot, A., Risy, M., Gouranton, V., Jannin, P., & Michinov, E. (2026). Designing a Virtual Reality Operating Room Learning Tool for Novice Healthcare Students. Dalam J. M. Krüger, M. Schmidt, A. Mikropoulos, G. Koutromanos, D. Pedrosa, D. Beck, S. Mystakidis, G. Smith-Nunes, A. Peña-Rios, & J. Richter (Ed.), Commun. Comput. Info. Sci.: Vol. 2598 CCIS (hlm. 251–267). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-98080-0_16
Rey-Becerra, E., Barrero, L. H., Ellegast, R., & Kluge, A. (2026). VR- or lecture-based training? The role of culture in safety training outcomes. Applied Ergonomics, 130. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104626
Schnitzer, B., Bader, E., Caserman, P., Crocco, G., & Korn, O. (2026). Engaging Low-Literate Adults Through Game-Based Virtual Reality. Dalam A. Thomas, M. Meyer, & M. Zank (Ed.), Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.: Vol. 16243 LNCS (hlm. 51–69). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-10518-9_6
Shinzato, K., & Shima, Y. (2026). Visualization of Physics Concepts and Investigation of Educational Effects Using Virtual Reality Teaching Materials with Object Tracking. Dalam H. Badioze Zaman, P. Robinson, A. F. Smeaton, T. K. Shih, B. N. Jørgensen, Z. Huajing, L. Xiaoping, N. Mohamad Ali, & E. S. Mat Surin (Ed.), Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.: Vol. 16215 LNCS (hlm. 98–109). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-3808-9_8
Sindhu, V., Gajendran, S., Feviliya, J., & Dhivagar, R. (2026). Visualized Cognitive Training Using Virtual Reality. Dalam K. Arai (Ed.), Lect. Notes Networks Syst.: Vol. 1675 LNNS (hlm. 388–397). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07986-2_24
Taheri, M., Tan, K., Flaten, O. E., & Cyma-Wejchenig, M. (2026). Enhancing Education Training with A Virtual Reality-Based Simulator Integrated Generative AI. Dalam L. T. De Paolis, P. Arpaia, & M. Sacco (Ed.), Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.: Vol. 15743 LNCS (hlm. 394–406). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97781-7_29
Thakur, P., Kumar, L., & Chopra, T. (2026). Revolutionizing eLearning with Metaverse Technologies: Virtual Classrooms and Beyond. Dalam R. Buyya, S. Gandhi, H. Arolkar, P. Agrawal, & N. Chaubey (Ed.), Commun. Comput. Info. Sci.: Vol. 2619 CCIS (hlm. 322–333). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-00350-8_24
Wadmare, S. V., & Bhokare, S. H. (2026). The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in VFX: Revolutionizing Automation and Realism. Dalam A. Jain, N. Sharma, Z. Polkowski, & R. Babo (Ed.), Lect. Notes Networks Syst.: Vol. 1580 LNNS (hlm. 1–15). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-0629-3_1
Wang, Y., Hancock, T. O., Solernou, A., García de Pedro, J. G., Wang, Y., & Choudhury, C. F. (2026). Nudging urban travellers towards greener travel modes: A virtual reality experiment. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 203. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2025.104754
Zeneli, M., & Cerma, U. (2026). The Impact and Diversity of Digital Twin Technology and Immersive Learning in Education: A Case Study of the University “Aleksandër Moisiu.” Dalam K. Dhoska & E. Spaho (Ed.), Commun. Comput. Info. Sci.: Vol. 2670 CCIS (hlm. 97–108). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH; Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-07370-9_9
Copyright (c) 2025 Rustiyana Rustiyana, Ayesha Begum, Vannasy Phouthavong, Munkhzul Ganbat
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
